ASME IX
PART QW — WELDING · ARTICLE I
Complete Training Guide · 2025 Edition · QW-100 through QW-199 · weldfabworld.com
ASME BPVC Section IX · Part QW · 2025 Edition · Reading time ~25 min
ASME Section IX — Part QW Article I:
General Requirements Complete Training Guide
ASME BPVC Section IX Part QW governs the qualification of welding procedures and welding personnel for all fusion welding processes used in pressure equipment fabrication. Article I (QW-100 through QW-199) establishes the general framework — from WPS requirements and qualification purpose through weld positions, mechanical test types, and acceptance criteria. This guide covers every QW Article I clause in depth, followed by a timed 10-question knowledge-check quiz and a feedback form.
Training ObjectiveUnderstand the scope of Part QW, the WPS requirement for production welding, the content a WPS must address, and organisational record-keeping obligations under QW-103.
QW-100 — Scope of Part QW
What Part QW Covers
Rules for preparing Welding Procedure Specifications (WPS) and qualifying welding procedures, welders, and welding operators for all manual, semiautomatic, machine, and automatic welding processes permitted in Section IX. Rules may also apply to other welding processes referenced in other ASME Sections (e.g., Section I, Section VIII, B31.3).
QW-101 — WPS Requirement
Production welding shall be performed in accordance with a qualified WPS. The WPS used by an organisation shall be either:
- Qualified by that organisation per Article II of Part QW, or
- A Standard Welding Procedure Specification (SWPS) from Mandatory Appendix E, adopted per Article V
QW-101 — WPS Content Requirements
1
Variables & RangesBoth WPS and SWPS must specify variables (including ranges) — base metals permitted, filler metals required, preheat, PWHT requirements, positions, etc.
2
Minimum ContentA WPS shall address, as a minimum, the specific essential and nonessential variables from Article II for each process used in production welding.
3
Toughness RequirementWhen referencing Codes require toughness qualification, supplementary essential variables must also be addressed in the WPS.
4
Out-of-Scope VariablesWhen a variable is outside the scope of a WPS (e.g., applies to a P-Number not included) or addressed by another variable, that variable need NOT be specifically addressed on the WPS or supporting PQRs.
QW-103 — Organisational Responsibility & Records
Organisational Obligations
- Each organisation shall conduct the tests required to qualify welding procedures and the performance of welders/operators who apply them
- Each organisation shall maintain records of results obtained in welding procedure and welder/operator performance qualifications
- Records shall be available to the Authorised Inspector and the referencing Code’s inspection authority
Recommended Record Forms
- Refer to recommended forms in Nonmandatory Appendix B of Section IX
- QW-483 — Suggested format for WPS
- QW-484 — Suggested format for PQR
- QW-484A — Suggested format for SWPS
- QW-485 — Suggested format for Welder/Operator Performance Qualification (WPQ)
Instructor note: The distinction in QW-102 — procedure qualification tests the process; performance qualification tests the person. This is one of the most frequently tested concepts in Section IX examinations. Know it cold.
Section Summary — Key Takeaways
- All production welding shall be performed per a qualified WPS — either organisation-qualified (Article II) or SWPS per Appendix E / Article V.
- A WPS must address all essential and nonessential variables for each process; supplementary essential variables when toughness is required.
- Each organisation is responsible for conducting its own qualification tests and maintaining the records per QW-103.
- Recommended forms: WPS → QW-483, PQR → QW-484, WPQ → QW-485.
Training ObjectiveClearly distinguish the purpose of procedure qualification from performance qualification. Understand the distinct criteria for welders versus welding operators per QW-102.
Procedure Qualification Purpose
To determine that a weldment made by a specific process is capable of producing joints with the required mechanical properties. It qualifies the process and variables, not the person.
Result documented in a Procedure Qualification Record (PQR). Supports one or more WPS.
Performance Qualification Purpose (QW-102)
- Welder: Basic criterion is to determine the welder’s ability to deposit sound weld metal
- Welding Operator: Purpose is to determine the operator’s mechanical ability to operate the welding equipment
Result documented in a Welder/Operator Performance Qualification (WPQ).
Critical Distinction — Exam Favourite
A welder controls the arc/flame manually or semiautomatically. A welding operator runs machine or automatic welding equipment. Performance qualification for a welder tests manual skill; for a welding operator it tests ability to set up and operate the machine. These are separate qualifications with different test requirements — never treat them as interchangeable on exam questions.
| Qualification Type | Proves | Document | Who Requires |
|---|---|---|---|
| Procedure (WPS/PQR) | Process produces required mechanical properties | PQR → supports WPS | QW-200 (Article II) |
| Welder Performance | Welder can deposit sound weld metal | WPQ (QW-484/485) | QW-300 (Article III) |
| Welding Operator Performance | Operator can mechanically operate welding equipment | WPQ (QW-484/485) | QW-300 (Article III) |
Section Summary — Key Takeaways
- Procedure qualification tests the process; performance qualification tests the person.
- For a Welder — criterion is the ability to deposit sound weld metal.
- For a Welding Operator — criterion is the mechanical ability to operate the welding equipment.
- Procedure and performance qualification are independent — one does not substitute for the other (except the simultaneous qualification provision in QG-106.1(e)).
Training ObjectiveIdentify all standard test positions for groove welds (plate and pipe) and fillet welds (plate and pipe). Understand permitted angular deviations and the concept of special positions per QW-124 and QW-133.
QW-110 — Weld Orientation
Orientations of welds are illustrated in Figures QW-461.1 and QW-461.2. Angular deviation of ±15° from specified horizontal or vertical planes is permitted; ±5° from a specified inclined plane is permitted during welding.
QW-120–122 — Groove Weld Positions: Plate
1G
Flat — Plate
Plate horizontal. Weld metal deposited from above. Axis horizontal.
2G
Horizontal — Plate
Plate vertical. Axis of weld horizontal.
3G
Vertical — Plate
Plate vertical. Axis of weld vertical.
4G
Overhead — Plate
Plate horizontal. Weld metal deposited from underneath.
QW-122–124 — Groove Weld Positions: Pipe
1G
Flat — Pipe
Pipe axis horizontal. Pipe rolled/rotated during welding. Weld deposited from above.
2G
Horizontal — Pipe
Pipe axis vertical. Weld axis horizontal. Pipe NOT rotated.
5G
Multiple — Pipe
Pipe axis horizontal. Groove in vertical plane. No rotation.
6G
45° Inclined
Pipe axis at 45° to horizontal. No rotation. Most restrictive pipe position.
6G — Most Restrictive Pipe Position
The 6G position qualifies a welder for the widest range of pipe groove positions (covers 1G, 2G, 5G combined). The pipe axis is inclined at 45° to horizontal and the pipe is not rotated during welding — all positions around the circumference are encountered in a single test.
QW-130–133 — Fillet Weld Positions: Plate & Pipe
Plate Fillet (QW-130–131)
- 1F — Flat: weld axis horizontal, throat vertical
- 2F — Horizontal: weld on upper side of horizontal surface against vertical surface
- 3F — Vertical: weld axis vertical
- 4F — Overhead: weld on underside of horizontal surface against vertical surface
Pipe Fillet (QW-132)
- 1F — Flat pipe fillet: pipe axis 45° to horizontal, rotated
- 2F — Horizontal pipe fillet: pipe axis vertical, no rotation
- 2FR — Horizontal rotated: pipe axis horizontal, pipe rotated
- 4F — Overhead pipe fillet: pipe axis vertical, weld on underside
- 5F — Multiple pipe fillet: pipe axis horizontal, no rotation
QW-123 & QW-124 / QW-133 — Stud Welds & Special Positions
Stud Weld Positions (QW-123)
Stud welds may be made in positions described in QW-121 (plate) and QW-122 (pipe), excluding 1G pipe. The stud shall always be perpendicular to the surface of the plate or pipe.
Special Positions (QW-124 / QW-133)
Test positions other than those defined in QW-120–123 or QW-130–132 are defined as “special positions.” These require specific procedure and performance qualification for the unique orientation used — standard position qualifications do NOT cover them.
| Code | Type | Base | Key Feature |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1G / 1F | Groove / Fillet | Plate or Pipe | Flat — welding from above |
| 2G / 2F | Groove / Fillet | Plate or Pipe | Horizontal — pipe NOT rotated (2G) |
| 3G / 3F | Groove / Fillet | Plate | Vertical — weld axis vertical |
| 4G / 4F | Groove / Fillet | Plate or Pipe | Overhead — weld metal from underneath |
| 5G / 5F | Groove / Fillet | Pipe | Pipe axis horizontal, no rotation |
| 6G | Groove | Pipe | Pipe axis at 45°, no rotation — most restrictive |
| 2FR | Fillet | Pipe | Horizontal rotated — pipe axis horizontal, pipe rotated |
Section Summary — Key Takeaways
- Angular deviation: ±15° from specified horizontal/vertical planes; ±5° from an inclined plane.
- 6G is the most restrictive pipe groove position — pipe at 45°, no rotation — covers 1G, 2G, and 5G ranges.
- 1G pipe is the only pipe groove position excluded from stud weld qualification (QW-123).
- Positions outside the standard designations are “special positions” requiring dedicated qualification.
Training ObjectiveIdentify each type of mechanical and examination test, its purpose, and when volumetric NDE may substitute for mechanical testing in performance qualification.
QW-141 — Mechanical Test Types
Tension Tests (QW-150)
Determines ultimate tensile strength of groove-weld joints
Guided-Bend Tests (QW-160)
Determines soundness & ductility of groove-weld joints
Fillet-Weld Tests (QW-180)
Determines size, contour, soundness of fillet welds
Toughness Tests (QW-171)
Determines toughness of the weldment (Charpy/drop weight)
Stud-Weld Tests (QW-141.5)
Bend, hammer, torque, or tension + macro-examination
QW-142 & QW-143 — Volumetric NDE as Substitute for Mechanical Tests
QW-142 — Welders
Radiographic or Ultrasonic examination per QW-191 may be substituted for mechanical testing (QW-141) for groove-weld performance qualification, as specifically permitted in QW-304.
QW-143 — Welding Operators
Radiographic or Ultrasonic examination per QW-191 may be substituted for mechanical testing for groove-weld performance qualification, as specifically permitted in QW-305.
Important Limitation
NDE substitution (QW-142/143) applies only to groove-weld performance qualification. It cannot substitute for mechanical testing in procedure qualification, and does not apply to fillet weld or overlay performance tests.
QW-144 — Visual Examination
Purpose of Visual Examination
Visual examination as described in QW-194 is used to determine that final weld surfaces meet specified quality standards. Required for performance test coupons as a baseline check before other test methods. Acceptance criteria per QW-194.
| Test / Exam | Clause | Applies To | Determines |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tension | QW-150 | Procedure | Ultimate tensile strength of groove welds |
| Guided Bend | QW-160 | Procedure & Performance | Soundness and ductility |
| Fillet Weld | QW-180 | Procedure & Performance | Size, contour, soundness |
| Toughness (Charpy) | QW-171 | Procedure (when required) | Impact toughness (ft-lb / J) |
| Drop Weight | QW-172 | Procedure (when required) | Nil-ductility transition temperature |
| Stud Weld | QW-192 | Procedure & Performance | Bend, hammer, torque, or tension strength |
| Radiography / UT | QW-191 | Performance — groove welds only | Weld soundness (NDE substitute) |
| Visual | QW-194 | Performance | Surface quality standards |
| Liquid Penetrant | QW-195 | Corrosion-resistant overlay | Surface discontinuities |
Training ObjectiveUnderstand the four types of tension specimens, how specimens are extracted from coupons of varying thickness, and the acceptance criteria — including the special rule for base-metal fractures.
QW-151 — Four Specimen Types
QW-151.1Reduced Section — Plate
▼- May be used for all thicknesses of plate
- Up to and including 1 in. (25 mm): full-thickness specimen
- Greater than 1 in.: full-thickness OR multiple equal strips — each tested, each must pass
- Multiple sets = the entire thickness mechanically cut into minimum equal strips
QW-151.2Reduced Section — Pipe
▼- For pipe OD > 3 in. (75 mm) — all thicknesses
- Same thickness-splitting rules as plate (≤1 in. full; >1 in. may be multiple)
- For pipe OD ≤ 3 in. (75 mm): use Fig QW-462.1(c) reduced-section specimens
QW-151.3Turned Specimens
▼- ≤1 in.: single turned specimen — largest diameter D possible for coupon thickness
- >1 in.: multiple specimens through full thickness, centers not more than 1 in. (25 mm) apart
- Centers adjacent to surfaces shall not exceed 5/8 in. (16 mm) from the surface
QW-151.4Full-Section — Pipe
▼May be used for pipe with OD of 3 in. (75 mm) or less. Uses the full pipe cross-section as the tension specimen. Per Fig QW-462.1(e).
QW-153 — Acceptance Criteria for Tension Tests
Tensile Strength Acceptance — QW-153.1
The tensile strength of the specimen shall be not less than: (a) the minimum specified tensile strength of the base metal, or (b) the minimum specified tensile strength of the weaker of the two base metals if dissimilar base metals of different minimum tensile strengths are used, or (c) the minimum specified tensile strength of the deposited weld metal if the applicable WPS requires use of filler metal having lower tensile strength than the base metal, and the tensile strength of the specimen equals or exceeds the deposited weld metal minimum.
Special Rule — Base Metal Fracture Outside Weld (QW-153.1(d))
If the specimen breaks in the base metal outside the weld and fusion line, the test is acceptable provided the measured tensile strength is not more than 5% below the minimum specified tensile strength of the base metal.
Section Summary — Key Takeaways
- Four tension specimen types: QW-151.1 (reduced plate), QW-151.2 (reduced pipe), QW-151.3 (turned), QW-151.4 (full-section pipe ≤ 3 in. OD).
- For thickness > 1 in., coupons are cut into multiple strips — each individual strip must meet the tensile strength requirement.
- Acceptance: tensile strength ≥ minimum specified base metal tensile strength.
- Base-metal fracture outside the weld: acceptable if strength is not more than 5% below the base metal minimum.
Training ObjectiveIdentify the four bend specimen types, understand the bending method and jig requirements, and state the acceptance criteria for groove weld and overlay bend specimens.
QW-161 — Bend Specimen Types
Face Bend (QW-161.1)
The face of the weld is on the convex (outer) side of the bent specimen. Tests the weld face and outer HAZ in tension. Used for thin material.
Root Bend (QW-161.2)
The root of the weld is on the convex (outer) side of the bent specimen. Tests the weld root and inner HAZ in tension. Used for thin material.
Side Bend (QW-161.3)
Specimen bent with a cross-section of the weld exposed to tensile stress on the convex face. Used when material thickness ≥ 3/8 in. (10 mm). Tests fusion through the full thickness.
Low-Ductility: Macro-Etch (QW-161 preamble)
For base metals with less than 3% elongation, a macro-etch specimen replaces each bend test. Acceptance criteria per QW-183(a).
QW-162 — Bending Method & Jig Requirements
QW-162.1Guided-Bend Jig — Wrap-Around Type
▼Specimen is wrapped around a mandrel of specified diameter. The die opening and mandrel diameter are governed by material type and thickness. The specimen is bent through 180° unless otherwise specified.
QW-162.2Guided-Bend Jig — Roller Type (Alternative)
▼Alternative jig using rollers. Permitted as an alternative to the wrap-around jig. Both jig types must meet the dimensional requirements of Fig QW-466.1 or QW-466.2 as applicable to the material and specimen.
QW-163 — Acceptance Criteria
Groove Welds
No open discontinuity in the weld or HAZ exceeding 1/8 in. (3 mm) measured in any direction on the convex surface after bending. Cracks at the corners of the specimen shall not be considered (unless there is evidence they result from fusion-type discontinuities or inclusions).
Corrosion-Resistant Overlay
No open discontinuity exceeding 1/16 in. (1.5 mm) measured in any direction on the convex surface. The 1/16 in. limit is tighter than groove welds — note the difference in exam questions.
Exam trap: The 1/8 in. (3 mm) limit applies to groove welds. The 1/16 in. (1.5 mm) limit applies to corrosion-resistant overlay bend specimens. Candidates frequently apply the wrong limit.
Section Summary — Key Takeaways
- Four specimen types: Face, Root (used for thinner material), Side (≥ 3/8 in. / 10 mm thickness), and Macro-etch (base metal elongation < 3%).
- Guided-bend jig: wrap-around or roller type, specimen bent 180°.
- Acceptance limit — groove welds: 1/8 in. (3 mm) max open discontinuity on convex surface.
- Acceptance limit — corrosion-resistant overlay: 1/16 in. (1.5 mm) max open discontinuity.
- Corner cracks: not considered unless they arise from fusion-type discontinuities or inclusions.
Training ObjectiveUnderstand when toughness tests are required, the types of toughness tests, and the key procedural requirements for Charpy V-notch and drop-weight specimens under Part QW.
QW-170 — General Toughness Requirements
When Toughness Tests Apply
Toughness tests are required only when specified by a referencing Code or the applicable paragraphs of Section IX. When required, they are treated as supplementary essential variables — changes trigger mandatory requalification of the procedure.
QW-171 — Charpy V-Notch Impact Tests
- Specimen notch location: weld metal, HAZ, or both as required
- Standard Charpy specimen: 10 mm × 10 mm × 55 mm
- Sub-size specimens permitted when full size cannot be obtained from the coupon
- Tests run at the temperature specified by the referencing Code or application
- Results reported in ft-lb (J) — average of three specimens
- Acceptance criteria set by the referencing Code (not Section IX directly)
QW-172 — Drop-Weight Tests
- Determines the Nil-Ductility Transition (NDT) temperature
- Applicable when required by the referencing Code (e.g., certain ASME Section VIII Div. 2 applications)
- Specimens contain a crack-starter bead of brittle weld metal
- Two specimens required per test condition
- Acceptance: both specimens must show no break (P/F) at the specified test temperature
Supplementary essential variables for toughness (such as changes in base metal P-Number, filler metal F-Number, PWHT condition, or preheat) become applicable only when toughness testing is required. When toughness is NOT required, these variables are ignored for requalification purposes.
Section Summary — Key Takeaways
- Toughness tests apply only when required by the referencing Code — not automatically for all welds.
- Charpy V-notch (QW-171): notch at weld metal and/or HAZ; standard specimen 10×10×55 mm; average of 3 specimens in ft-lb (J).
- Drop-weight (QW-172): determines NDT temperature; 2 specimens; pass/fail result; both must show no-break.
- When toughness tests are required, related supplementary essential variables must be addressed in the WPS.
Training ObjectiveUnderstand the test types for fillet weld qualification, the macro-examination requirements, and the specific acceptance criteria for procedure and performance qualification of fillet welds.
QW-180 — General: Purpose of Fillet Weld Tests
Fillet weld qualification tests determine the size, contour, and soundness of fillet welds. They apply to both procedure qualification (QW-202.2) and performance qualification (QW-303.3).
QW-181.1 — Procedure Fillet Weld Test
Two test coupons required — one is macro-etched, one is fractured through the fillet weld (break test). The macro specimen must pass QW-183 acceptance criteria. The break test checks soundness through the fillet cross-section.
QW-181.2 — Performance Fillet Weld Test
A welder qualifying on fillet welds makes a test coupon which is either: macro-etched (cross-section), or subjected to a break test, or both depending on position and material. Visual examination per QW-144/QW-194 is also required.
QW-183 — Macro-Examination Acceptance Criteria (Procedure)
QW-183(a) — Acceptance Requirements
The macro-examination specimen shall show: (1) Complete fusion at the root of the weld and between the weld metal and base metal; (2) No cracks; (3) A concave or convex weld profile with not more than 1/16 in. (1.5 mm) concavity or convexity; (4) No leg-length difference exceeding 1/8 in. (3 mm) for equal-leg fillet welds.
QW-184 — Fillet Weld Performance Test Acceptance
No concavity > 1/16 in. (1.5 mm)
No convexity > 1/16 in. (1.5 mm)
Leg difference ≤ 1/8 in. (3 mm)
No linear indications > 1/32 in. (0.8 mm)
Complete fusion at root required
No cracks permitted
QW-184 vs QW-183: Performance fillet weld acceptance (QW-184) adds a linear indication limit of 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) — tighter than the general macro acceptance criteria. This distinction is tested in advanced Section IX exam questions.
Section Summary — Key Takeaways
- Fillet weld tests determine size, contour, and soundness — apply to both procedure and performance qualification.
- Procedure fillet test (QW-181.1): two coupons — one macro-etched, one break-tested.
- Macro acceptance (QW-183): complete fusion, no cracks, concavity/convexity ≤ 1/16 in. (1.5 mm), leg difference ≤ 1/8 in. (3 mm).
- Performance acceptance (QW-184) adds: linear indications ≤ 1/32 in. (0.8 mm).
Training ObjectiveUnderstand the NDE methods permitted as substitutes for mechanical testing, the stud-weld and tube-to-tubesheet qualification requirements, visual examination acceptance, and LP requirements for corrosion-resistant overlay.
QW-191 — Radiographic & Ultrasonic Examination (NDE Substitute)
Radiographic (RT)
- Performed per Section V Article 2 of ASME BPVC
- Applicable to groove-weld performance qualification only (QW-142/143)
- Acceptance per QW-191.1.2 — based on radiographic indication limits
- For welders: permitted per QW-304
- For welding operators: permitted per QW-305
Ultrasonic (UT)
- Performed per Section V Article 4 or Article 5 of ASME BPVC
- Same scope as RT — groove-weld performance qualification only
- Acceptance per QW-191.2.2
- UT acceptance: no indications exceeding reference calibration level as defined in QW-191.2
QW-191.2.1 — RT Acceptance Criteria for Performance Qualification
| Material Thickness (t) | Maximum Linear Indication Length | Maximum Round Indication |
|---|---|---|
| t < 3/8 in. (10 mm) | 1/8 in. (3 mm) | 3/16 in. (5 mm) longest dimension |
| 3/8 in. ≤ t ≤ 2-1/4 in. (10–57 mm) | 1/3t | 3/16 in. (5 mm) longest dimension |
| t > 2-1/4 in. (57 mm) | 3/4 in. (19 mm) | 3/16 in. (5 mm) longest dimension |
QW-192 — Stud-Weld Procedure & Performance Qualification
QW-192.1Procedure Qualification — Stud Welds
▼Requires 10 stud test welds:
- 5 studs — bend or hammer test (studs bent 30° from original axis; no fracture in weld or HAZ)
- 5 studs — torque test (or tension test per QW-192.1.1)
- Each of the 5 sectioned studs (bend test group) shall be macro-examined at 10× magnification
- Macro acceptance per QW-183(a): complete fusion, no cracks
QW-192.2Performance Qualification — Stud Welds
▼- Requires 10 stud test welds (same as procedure)
- Same test split: 5 bend/hammer + 5 torque (or tension)
- The welder/operator who makes the studs is performance-qualified for the stud type and position tested
QW-193 — Tube-to-Tubesheet Weld Qualification
QW-193.1 — Procedure Qualification
Requires a mockup of 10 tube-to-tubesheet welds. Mock-up shall replicate the production configuration (tube OD, pitch, ligament, tube projection). All 10 welds examined by macro-examination (cross-section).
QW-193.2 — Performance Qualification
Requires a minimum of 5 tube-to-tubesheet welds in a mockup. Welder qualifies for the tube OD and tubesheet configuration of the test. Visual examination required per QW-194.
QW-194 — Visual Examination | QW-195 — Liquid Penetrant
QW-194 — Visual Examination Acceptance
- No cracks or incomplete fusion
- No incomplete joint penetration in groove welds (except where partial penetration is specified)
- No porosity visible on the surface
- Undercut: not to exceed 1/32 in. (0.8 mm)
QW-195 — LP Examination (Overlay)
Required for performance qualification of corrosion-resistant overlay welds. Performed per Section V Article 6. Acceptance: no relevant indications > 1/16 in. (1.5 mm) in any direction. No linear indications regardless of length.
Section Summary — Key Takeaways
- RT/UT (QW-191) may substitute for mechanical tests in groove-weld performance qualification only — not in procedure qualification.
- Stud-weld qualification (QW-192): 10 studs total — 5 bend/hammer + 5 torque — same for procedure and performance.
- Tube-to-tubesheet procedure qualification (QW-193.1): 10 mockup welds; performance qualification (QW-193.2): minimum 5 mockup welds.
- Visual examination (QW-194): no cracks, no porosity on surface, undercut ≤ 1/32 in. (0.8 mm).
- LP examination (QW-195) for overlay: no relevant indication > 1/16 in. (1.5 mm); no linear indications.
TIMED KNOWLEDGE CHECK
Test your understanding of ASME Section IX — Part QW Article I General Requirements
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Detailed Answer Review
ASME BPVC Section IX — 2025 Edition
The primary code document. Essential for anyone qualifying procedures or welders under ASME. Covers all QG, QW, QB, and QF requirements including Article I variables.
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Companion Guide to ASME BPVC — K.R. Rao
Multi-volume commentary on ASME code requirements written by code committee members. Provides engineering context for QW Article I and all process-specific requirements.
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AWS Welding Inspection Technology (WIT)
AWS CWI study textbook covering welding qualifications, procedure specifications, and inspection methods — directly supports ASME Section IX knowledge.
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Welding Handbook Vol. 1 — AWS
Comprehensive AWS welding science reference covering processes, metallurgy, qualification concepts, and code standards applicable across ASME and AWS qualification systems.
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Scope, WPS & Records (QW-100–103)
Qualification Purpose (QW-102)
Weld Positions (QW-110–133)
Test Types Overview (QW-140–144)
Tension Tests (QW-150–153)
Guided-Bend Tests (QW-160–163)
Toughness & Fillet Tests (QW-170–184)
NDE & Special Tests (QW-190–195)
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